{"id":6598,"date":"2015-03-03T13:23:06","date_gmt":"2015-03-03T13:23:06","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/eminatasoy.com\/?p=6598"},"modified":"2015-04-30T18:36:52","modified_gmt":"2015-04-30T18:36:52","slug":"yol-ayrimindaki-ulke-kuba","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/eminatasoy.com\/?p=6598","title":{"rendered":"Yol Ayr\u0131m\u0131ndaki \u00dclke K\u00fcba"},"content":{"rendered":"

Yol Ayr\u0131m\u0131ndaki \u00dclke: K\u00fcba <\/strong><\/p>\n

Emin ATASOY<\/p>\n

Meksika K\u00f6rfezi ve Karayip Denizi aras\u0131nda uzanan tak\u0131madalar \u201cB\u00fcy\u00fck Antiller\u201d ve \u201cK\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Antiller\u201d olarak ikiye ayr\u0131l\u0131rlar ve bu tak\u0131madalar i\u00e7inde hem n\u00fcfus bak\u0131m\u0131ndan en kalabal\u0131\u011f\u0131 hem de y\u00fcz\u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fc bak\u0131m\u0131ndan en b\u00fcy\u00fc\u011f\u00fc K\u00fcba adas\u0131d\u0131r. Y\u00fcz\u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fc Yunanistan\u2019a yak\u0131n olan K\u00fcba Cumhuriyeti 114 530 km\u00b2 ve n\u00fcfusu ise 11,5 milyon civar\u0131ndad\u0131r. 1230 km\u2019yi a\u015fan uzunlu\u011fuyla K\u00fcba, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck 13. adas\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6zetle, s\u00f6zde sosyalizmin son kalesi olan K\u00fcba hem bir adan\u0131n hem de bir cumhuriyetin ad\u0131d\u0131r. 1600 civar\u0131nda adaya sahip olan K\u00fcba Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin kara kom\u015fusu yoktur. \u00dclkenin toplam k\u0131y\u0131 uzunlu\u011fu 3580 km\u2019dir. K\u00fcba adas\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda \u00fclkenin en b\u00fcy\u00fck adas\u0131 g\u00fcneybat\u0131s\u0131nda yer alan Huventud (Pinos) adas\u0131d\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca Camaguey, Sabana, Colorados, Canarreos ve Jardines de la Reina tak\u0131madalar\u0131 da K\u00fcba Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin birer par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r. K\u00fcba; kuzeyde Florida bo\u011faz\u0131 ile ABD ve Florida yar\u0131madas\u0131ndan, bat\u0131da Yukatan bo\u011faz\u0131 ile Meksika ve Yukatan yar\u0131madas\u0131ndan ve do\u011fuda da R\u00fczgar\u00fcst\u00fc bo\u011faz\u0131 ile Haiti Cumhuriyeti ve Haiti adas\u0131ndan ayr\u0131l\u0131r. Bat\u0131da Meksika k\u00f6rfezi, g\u00fcneyde Karayip denizi ve kuzeyde Atlas okyanusu sular\u0131 ile \u00e7evrilen K\u00fcba\u2019n\u0131n deniz kom\u015fular\u0131 aras\u0131nda ABD, Meksika, Jamaika, Haiti, Cayman adalar\u0131 ve Bahamalar yer al\u0131r. \u0130dar\u00ee yap\u0131lanma bak\u0131m\u0131ndan K\u00fcba\u2019da 14 il ve 2 \u00f6zel belediye vard\u0131r. Tropikal iklime sahip olan K\u00fcba\u2019da kar ya\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmedi\u011fi gibi k\u0131\u015f mevsimi de ya\u015fanmaz. Bu nedenle \u00fclkenin sahillerinde 12 ay boyunca turistlere hizmet verilmektedir. Ocak ay\u0131 s\u0131cakl\u0131k ortalamalar\u0131 22o<\/sup>C iken A\u011fustos ay\u0131 s\u0131cakl\u0131k ortalamalar\u0131 da 28o<\/sup>C\u2019dir. \u00dclke genelinde y\u0131ll\u0131k ya\u011f\u0131\u015f miktar\u0131 800 ile 2000 milimetrek\u00fcp aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fmektedir. Bir ba\u015fka deyi\u015fle K\u00fcba\u2019da kurak ve yar\u0131kurak b\u00f6lge yoktur.<\/p>\n

1976 y\u0131l\u0131nda 9,5 milyon n\u00fcfusa sahip olan K\u00fcba, XX. y\u00fczy\u0131l boyunca d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck bir tempoyla da olsa n\u00fcfusunu artt\u0131rmay\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f ve 1996 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00fclke n\u00fcfusu 11,1 milyona ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Fakat XXI. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda do\u011fum oranlar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015fmesi ve yo\u011fun d\u0131\u015f g\u00f6\u00e7ler \u00fclke n\u00fcfusunun yerinde saymas\u0131na neden olmu\u015f. 2015 y\u0131l\u0131nda K\u00fcba\u2019da sadece 11,4 milyon insan\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 tahmin edilmektedir. 1959-2013 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda yakla\u015f\u0131k 2 milyon K\u00fcba vatanda\u015f\u0131 \u00fclkesini terk edip ba\u015fka \u00fclkelere yerle\u015fmi\u015ftir. B\u00f6ylece son yirmi y\u0131lda \u00fclke n\u00fcfusunun neredeyse hi\u00e7 artmamas\u0131n\u0131n ana nedeni yo\u011fun d\u0131\u015f g\u00f6\u00e7lerin ya\u015fanmas\u0131d\u0131r. G\u00f6\u00e7 edenlerin %86\u2019s\u0131 ABD\u2019ye yerle\u015fmi\u015ftir. K\u00fcba adas\u0131ndan sadece 230 km uzakl\u0131ktaki Miami\u2019de yakla\u015f\u0131k 1,5 milyon K\u00fcbal\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 tahmin edilmektedir. Bu nedenle K\u00fcbal\u0131 g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin olu\u015fturduklar\u0131 diaspora (kopuntu) \u00f6zellikle Florida yar\u0131madas\u0131nda \u00e7ok g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Planl\u0131, sosyalist, merkez\u00ee devlet kontrol\u00fcnde y\u00f6netilen d\u00fcnyan\u0131n nadir \u00fclkelerinden biri olan K\u00fcba ekonomisinde \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6r i\u015fletmelerinin pay\u0131 giderek artmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin 1981 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00fclkede \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n sadece %8,2\u2019si \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6rde istihdam edilirken 2008 y\u0131l\u0131nda bu oran %22\u2019yi a\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Derin iktisad\u00ee sorunlar ya\u015fayan K\u00fcba ekonomisi; puro ve sigara sanayi, nikel \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131m\u0131, pirin\u00e7, rom, kakao, kahve ve \u015feker \u00fcretimi, turizm, madencilik ve bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k gelirleri ile ayakta durmaktad\u0131r. Nikel rezervleri bak\u0131m\u0131ndan d\u00fcnya ikincisi olan K\u00fcba; baz\u0131 kobalt, mangan, demir, krom, do\u011fal gaz ve petrol yataklar\u0131na da sahiptir. Ancak nikel ve kobalt d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda \u00fclkede \u00e7ok zengin yeralt\u0131 kaynaklar\u0131 yoktur. \u00dclkede 140 civar\u0131nda \u015feker fabrikas\u0131, 6 t\u00fct\u00fcn ve sigara fabrikas\u0131, 2 petro-kimya tesisi faaliyet g\u00f6stermektedir. K\u00fcba her y\u0131l 9-10 milyon ton \u015feker \u00fcretmektedir. \u015eeker kam\u0131\u015f\u0131, pirin\u00e7, tropikal meyveler, pamuk, t\u00fct\u00fcn, kahve, muz, kakao, ananas, portakal, patates, fasulye ve domates \u00fclkede en yayg\u0131n yeti\u015fen tar\u0131m \u00fcr\u00fcnleridir. K\u00fcba\u2019n\u0131n y\u0131ll\u0131k toplam ihracat\u0131 3-4 milyar dolar civar\u0131nda olup \u00c7in, Kanada, \u0130spanya, Hollanda ve Rusya ihracat yap\u0131lan \u00fclkelerin ba\u015f\u0131nda gelir. \u015eeker ve \u015feker \u00fcr\u00fcnleri, nikel, ila\u00e7 ve t\u0131bb\u00ee \u00fcr\u00fcnler, t\u00fct\u00fcn sanayi \u00fcr\u00fcnleri, bal\u0131k ve su \u00fcr\u00fcnleri, kakao, kahve, \u00e7e\u015fitli meyve ve sebzeler K\u00fcba ihracat\u0131n\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc olu\u015fturur. D\u0131\u015f turizm son y\u0131llarda yeniden eski canl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle Kanada<\/a> ve Avrupa Birli\u011fi<\/a>‘nden gelen turistler sayesinde d\u0131\u015f turizm gelirleri K\u00fcba ekonomisinin itici g\u00fcc\u00fc haline gelmi\u015ftir. K\u00fcba en fazla yabanc\u0131 turisti Kanada, ABD, B\u00fcy\u00fck Britanya, Almanya, Rusya ve \u0130spanya\u2019dan almaktad\u0131r. B\u00fcy\u00fck turizm potansiyeline sahip olan \u00fclkede \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki y\u0131llarda da turist say\u0131s\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck art\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 beklenmektedir. Devam eden ABD ekonomik ambargosu, \u00fclkenin geli\u015fimi \u00f6n\u00fcnde en b\u00fcy\u00fck iktisad\u00ee engeli olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

K\u00fcba\u2019da bar\u0131nma ihtiyac\u0131 devlet taraf\u0131ndan kar\u015f\u0131lanmaktad\u0131r; bu nedenle evsiz veya sokakta yatan insanlara rastlamak neredeyse imk\u00e2ns\u0131zd\u0131r. K\u00fcba\u2019da devlet, her ailenin sa\u011fl\u0131k ve e\u011fitim ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 \u00fccretsiz kar\u015f\u0131lamaktad\u0131r. Bir ba\u015fka anlat\u0131mla e\u011fitim ve sa\u011fl\u0131k hizmetlerinin t\u00fcm\u00fc paras\u0131zd\u0131r. Devlet, vatanda\u015flar\u0131n ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in her ay, her aileye karneyle baz\u0131 temel g\u0131da ve temizlik \u00fcr\u00fcnleri vermektedir. Bu nedenle K\u00fcba yoksul bir \u00fclke olsa da Banglade\u015f veya Hindistan gibi \u00fclkelerde g\u00f6r\u00fclen y\u00fcrek s\u0131zlatan a\u00e7l\u0131k manzaralar\u0131 yoktur. K\u00fcba d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck i\u015fsizlik oran\u0131na sahip \u00fclkelerinden biridir \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00fclkede i\u015fsizlik oran\u0131 %2\u2019den azd\u0131r. Fakat \u00fccretler \u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck oldu\u011fundan K\u00fcba, \u201c\u00e7al\u0131\u015fan yoksullar\u201d \u00fclkesi olarak da tan\u0131mlanabilir. K\u00fcba\u2019da bas\u0131n ve seyahat \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde baz\u0131 ciddi k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar vard\u0131r. Muhalefetin olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 t\u00fcm tek partili rejimlerdeki gibi K\u00fcba\u2019da da demokrasi, insan haklar\u0131 ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckler g\u00f6receli ve tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

E\u011fitim, spor ve sa\u011fl\u0131k alanlar\u0131nda g\u00f6sterilen ba\u015far\u0131 s\u0131ralamas\u0131nda K\u00fcba d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en \u00f6nde giden \u00fclkelerindendir. Ortalama ya\u015fam s\u00fcresi 77 y\u0131l olup Amerika k\u0131tas\u0131n\u0131n en d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck bebek \u00f6l\u00fcmleri oran\u0131na sahip 3 \u00fclkesinden biridir. 700 000\u2019den fazla \u00fcniversite mezununa sahip olan \u00fclkede ulusal gelirin %13\u2019ten fazlas\u0131 e\u011fitim sistemine harcanmaktad\u0131r ve okuma-yazma bilmeyenlerin oran\u0131 %3 civar\u0131ndad\u0131r. \u00dclkede 10 000 civar\u0131nda ilk\u00f6\u011fretim, 2000 civar\u0131nda orta\u00f6\u011fretim ve 50\u2019ye yak\u0131n \u00fcniversite faaliyet g\u00f6stermektedir. D\u00fcnya genelinde farkl\u0131 uluslar\u0131n ya\u015fam kalitesini yans\u0131tan \u0130nsan\u00ee Geli\u015fme Endeksi verilerine g\u00f6re 2013 y\u0131l\u0131nda K\u00fcba, d\u00fcnyada 59\u2019uncu; Latin Amerika \u00fclkeleri aras\u0131nda ise 7\u2019inci s\u0131rada yer almaktad\u0131r.[1]<\/a> Bir ba\u015fka anlat\u0131mla be\u011fenmedi\u011fimiz ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcmsedi\u011fimiz K\u00fcba\u2019da ortalama ya\u015fam s\u00fcresi T\u00fcrkiye\u2019den daha uzun; okuma-yazma bilenlerin oran\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye\u2019den daha y\u00fcksek; bebek \u00f6l\u00fcmleri oran\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye\u2019den daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck; \u0130nsan\u00ee Geli\u015fme Endeksi verileri ise T\u00fcrkiye\u2019den daha y\u00fcksektir.<\/p>\n

Di\u011fer Latin Amerika \u00fclkeleriyle baz\u0131 ortak y\u00f6nleri ve sosyo-k\u00fclt\u00fcrel benzerlikleri olsa da ku\u015fkusuz K\u00fcba; Amerika k\u0131tas\u0131n\u0131n en ilgin\u00e7, en farkl\u0131, en s\u0131ra d\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00fclkesidir. K\u00fcba, kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc sosyalist rejimi; kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc insan haklar\u0131 ve demokrasi anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131; kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc kalk\u0131nma ve ekonomi politikalar\u0131; kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc e\u011fitim, spor, k\u00fclt\u00fcr, turizm ve sa\u011fl\u0131k politikalar\u0131yla di\u011fer Latin Amerika \u00fclkelerinden farkl\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6sterir. Havana veya Olgin sokaklar\u0131nda dola\u015f\u0131rken, iki yerle\u015fim birimi aras\u0131nda yolculuk yaparken, sokaktaki vatanda\u015fla konu\u015furken veya bir tatil k\u00f6y\u00fcndeyken dahi bu farkl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6rebilir veya hissedebilirsiniz. \u0130nsanlar da, co\u011fraf\u00ee ortam da, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ve ya\u015fam ko\u015fullar\u0131 da kendine \u00f6zg\u00fcd\u00fcr K\u00fcba\u2019da. Bu nedenle K\u00fcba\u2019y\u0131 di\u011fer \u00fclkelerle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131rken bu farkl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, bu \u00f6zg\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc hi\u00e7bir zaman unutmamak gerekir.<\/p>\n

Vatan aidiyeti ve vatanseverlik, sosyalist rejime ve devrimlere ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131k, K\u00fcbal\u0131l\u0131k bilinci gibi kavramlar son d\u00f6nemde h\u0131zla erozyona u\u011framaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flarsa da halk\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc umutlar\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmemi\u015f; g\u00fcler y\u00fczl\u00fc, ne\u015feli tav\u0131rlar\u0131yla optimist ruhunu korumaktad\u0131r. Ya\u015fama ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131k, toplumsal ho\u015fg\u00f6r\u00fc ve yar\u0131nlara umutla bakabilme; t\u00fcm ya\u015fam zorluklar\u0131na, t\u00fcm ekonomik \u00e7alkant\u0131lara, t\u00fcm siyas\u00ee \u00e7\u0131kmazlara ra\u011fmen bu ulusu ayakta tutan en \u00f6nemli 3 etkendir. Tek partili sosyalist bir cumhuriyet olan K\u00fcba\u2019n\u0131n resmi d\u00f6vizi \u201cVatan ya da \u00d6l\u00fcm\u201dd\u00fcr. Ama hi\u00e7bir tek partili rejimde geni\u015f tabanl\u0131 demokrasi, \u00f6zg\u00fcr muhalefet, siyasal \u00e7ok seslilik ve bireysel \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckler olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi K\u00fcba\u2019da da bunlar yoktur. Son yar\u0131m y\u00fczy\u0131lda 2 milyondan fazla insan K\u00fcba\u2019y\u0131 terk ederek ba\u015fka \u00fclkelere yerle\u015fti\u011fine g\u00f6re vatan sevgisi ve \u00f6l\u00fcm se\u00e7eneklerinin sadece ulusal bayrakta yaz\u0131l\u0131 i\u00e7i bo\u015falt\u0131lm\u0131\u015f slogan s\u00f6zc\u00fckler gibi s\u00f6n\u00fcp kald\u0131klar\u0131 s\u00f6ylenebilir.<\/p>\n

Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc K\u00fcba\u2019da kimlik bunal\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00e7ok y\u00f6n bulma bunal\u0131m\u0131 ya\u015fanmaktad\u0131r. Ge\u00e7mi\u015f ile gelecek, sosyalizm ile kapitalizm, Rusya ile ABD aras\u0131ndaki ikilem sokakta veya takside konu\u015ftu\u011funuz s\u0131radan vatanda\u015fta dahi hissedilebilir veya g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir. K\u00fcba\u2019daki binlerce i\u015f\u00e7i ve memur, \u0130spanyol kolonyal d\u00f6nem, ABD militarizmi ve sosyalist rejimden ziyade yar\u0131n\u0131 tart\u0131\u015f\u0131yorlar; ge\u00e7mi\u015ften \u00e7ok gelece\u011fi idrak etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorlar. Jose Martin ve Che Guevara sembolleri ile ABD k\u00fclt\u00fcr sembolleri aras\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fcnmeyen bir sava\u015f var K\u00fcba\u2019da. Baz\u0131lar\u0131 buna ge\u00e7mi\u015f ile gelece\u011fin sava\u015f\u0131, baz\u0131lar\u0131 ise sosyalizm ile kapitalizmin sava\u015f\u0131 penceresinden bakmaktad\u0131rlar. D\u00fcne kadar d\u00fc\u015fman olarak alg\u0131lanan ABD\u2019yi yar\u0131n nas\u0131l kucaklayaca\u011f\u0131z sorusu var bug\u00fcnk\u00fc K\u00fcbal\u0131lar\u2019\u0131n kafas\u0131nda. Sert ele\u015ftirilere maruz kalan kapitalist sistemle nas\u0131l diyalog i\u00e7inde olabiliriz, devlet\u00e7i ekonomiden serbest piyasa ekonomisine nas\u0131l sars\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131z ge\u00e7ebiliriz sorular\u0131 var bug\u00fcnk\u00fc K\u00fcbal\u0131lar\u2019\u0131n kafas\u0131nda. \u00c7aresizlik ile umut, yoksulluk ile \u00f6zg\u00fcven, gelenek-g\u00f6renekler ile modern yenilikler, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k ile eziklik, \u00f6fke ile gurur her K\u00fcbal\u0131\u2019n\u0131n kalbinde gel-gitler ve ikilemler olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Bu ikilemler, bu z\u0131t kavram m\u00fccadeleleri, bu g\u00f6r\u00fcnmez duygu ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce sava\u015f\u0131; XXI. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131ndaki K\u00fcba toplumunun i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu \u00e7\u0131kmaz\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131 da olsa betimlemektedir.<\/p>\n

Her \u00fclkede oldu\u011fu gibi K\u00fcba\u2019da da vitrindeki g\u00fczellikler ile g\u00f6rmek istemedi\u011fimiz \u00e7irkinlikler ve sorunlar vard\u0131r. Bir yandan l\u00fcks oteller, \u015fatafatl\u0131 villalar ve g\u00f6steri\u015fli restoranlar, muhte\u015fem plajlar ve \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 do\u011fal g\u00fczellikler yan yana s\u0131ralanmakta ve turistik K\u00fcba\u2019ya i\u015faret etmekte; di\u011fer yandan da bak\u0131ms\u0131z kentler, pis sokaklar, d\u00f6k\u00fclen binalar, 60 y\u0131ll\u0131k demode otomobiller ve g\u00f6zle g\u00f6r\u00fclen fakirlik ve ya\u015fam sava\u015f\u0131\u2026 De\u011fi\u015fkenlik ve g\u00f6recelik bir\u00e7ok \u00fclkede oldu\u011fu gibi K\u00fcba\u2019da da zaman ve mek\u00e2na ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Varadero\u2019daki turistik K\u00fcba ile Santa Clara\u2019n\u0131n yoksul gecekondu semtleri; ayn\u0131 adadaki iki farkl\u0131 d\u00fcnyaya i\u015faret etmektedir. K\u00fcreselle\u015fen d\u00fcnyada, bilgi ve teknoloji \u00e7a\u011f\u0131nda K\u00fcba\u2019da bilgisayar, cep telefonu ve internetin yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131 nas\u0131l ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz ise fakirler ile zenginlerin gelirleri aras\u0131ndaki u\u00e7urumun artmas\u0131 da bir o kadar ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmazd\u0131r. Havana sokaklar\u0131nda son model l\u00fcks ara\u00e7lar ile 60-70 y\u0131ll\u0131k Amerikan arabalar\u0131n\u0131 yan yana g\u00f6rmek ola\u011fand\u0131r; ayl\u0131k 30-40 dolarl\u0131k maa\u015fla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bir \u00f6\u011fretmenin yan\u0131nda ak\u015fam yeme\u011fi i\u00e7in restoranda 140 dolar hesap \u00f6deyenlerin g\u00f6r\u00fclmesinin de ola\u011fan oldu\u011fu gibi\u2026 Sosyalizmin en b\u00fcy\u00fck beklentilerinden biri olan i\u015f\u00e7i ve memurlardan olu\u015fan geni\u015f orta tabaka s\u0131n\u0131f maalesef yarat\u0131lamam\u0131\u015f K\u00fcba\u2019da vaat edilen e\u015fitlik, demokrasi ve insan haklar\u0131n\u0131n yarat\u0131lamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi\u2026 Bug\u00fcn geni\u015f bir yoksul kitleyle k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck, ayr\u0131cal\u0131kl\u0131 ve zengin bir kitle ya\u015famaktad\u0131r adada. Ama her \u015feyden \u00f6nce etnik, dinsel ve \u0131rksal ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 optimist bir K\u00fcba ulusu var; b\u00fct\u00fcn zorlu ya\u015fam ko\u015fullar\u0131na ra\u011fmen g\u00fcler y\u00fczl\u00fc, ho\u015fg\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fc ve umut dolu bir K\u00fcba halk\u0131 var bug\u00fcn. Tek ba\u015f\u0131na d\u00fcnyaya meydan okuyan, \u201cy\u0131k\u0131lmad\u0131m ben, dimdik ayaktay\u0131m\u201d mesaj\u0131n\u0131 veren bir K\u00fcba g\u00f6rd\u00fcm ben. Ama ayn\u0131 zamanda kendi tarihsel ge\u00e7mi\u015fiyle, kendi k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve siyasal de\u011ferleriyle, sosyalist devrimle y\u00fczle\u015fmekten ka\u00e7\u0131nan bir K\u00fcba g\u00f6rd\u00fcm ben. Rusya ve \u00c7in\u2019den umudunu kesmi\u015f; Beyaz Saray\u2019dan gelecek m\u00fcjdeli haberleri d\u00f6rt g\u00f6zle bekleyen bir K\u00fcba g\u00f6rd\u00fcm ben. Gen\u00e7 ve ya\u015fl\u0131 ku\u015faklar\u0131n ve resm\u00ee siyas\u00ee ideolojiyle bug\u00fcnk\u00fc iktisad\u00ee beklentilerin amans\u0131z \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 hissetim ben. Savunmas\u0131z K\u00fcba ne vah\u015fi kapitalizmden kendini soyutlayabilir ne de global sermaye ve k\u00fcreselle\u015fme dalgalar\u0131n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda uzun s\u00fcre dik durmaya devam edebilir. K\u00fcba\u2019n\u0131n d\u00fcnya ile entegrasyonu ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmazd\u0131r, bu sadece y\u00f6ntem ve zaman meselesidir.<\/p>\n

Nostalji \u00fclkesi olan K\u00fcba bana tropikal do\u011fal g\u00fczellikler ile eski be\u015fer\u00ee yap\u0131tlar\u0131 hat\u0131rlat\u0131r. Yar\u0131m as\u0131r \u00f6nce son kez boyanm\u0131\u015f binalar, kaportas\u0131 delinmi\u015f eski Amerikan arabalar\u0131, s\u0131radan kentsel doku ve o \u00f6zg\u00fcn mimar\u00ee yap\u0131lar bana hep eskiyi hat\u0131rlat\u0131r. Eski asans\u00f6rler, eski kald\u0131r\u0131mlar, eski sinemalar, eski oteller, eski sokak ve caddeler, k\u0131saca insanlar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda her \u015fey eskidir K\u00fcba\u2019da. Zamanda yolculuk yapmak ve sosyalist k\u00fclt\u00fcr miras\u0131n\u0131n yans\u0131malar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rmek i\u00e7in bir a\u00e7\u0131k hava m\u00fczesi niteli\u011findeki K\u00fcba\u2019dan daha ilgin\u00e7 bir \u00fclke yoktur gezegenimizde. Bu nedenle merakl\u0131 turistler i\u00e7in K\u00fcba ba\u015fka bir gezegen, ba\u015fka bir k\u00fclt\u00fcr, ba\u015fka bir \u00e7ekicilikten \u00f6te Afro-\u0130spanyol k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn en s\u0131ra d\u0131\u015f\u0131 deneyimidir. Latin d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n en ilgin\u00e7, en tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lan, en g\u00f6receli \u00fclkesidir K\u00fcba.<\/p>\n

Havana caddelerini s\u00fcsleyen dev ilan panolar\u0131ndaki \u201cSocialismo o Muerre\u201d (\u201cYa Sosyalizm Ya \u00d6l\u00fcm\u201d) veya \u201cViva la Revolucion\u201d (\u201cYa\u015fas\u0131n Devrim\u201d) sloganlar\u0131 ile \u00fc\u00e7 \u00e7ocuklu bir baban\u0131n 25 dolar maa\u015fla ailesinin ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 nas\u0131l kar\u015f\u0131layaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 derin derin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmesi iki farkl\u0131 K\u00fcba\u2019y\u0131 i\u015faret etmektedir bizlere. Mitlerin, sembollerin ve efsanelerin K\u00fcbas\u0131\u2019yla g\u00fcndelik ya\u015fant\u0131daki K\u00fcba maalesef her zaman \u00f6rt\u00fc\u015fmemektedir halk\u0131n beklentileri ile h\u00fck\u00fcmetin sunduklar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6rt\u00fc\u015fmedi\u011fi gibi\u2026 Vaat edilen sosyalizm ile bug\u00fcn ya\u015fananlar\u0131n \u00f6rt\u00fc\u015fmedi\u011fi gibi\u2026 Bug\u00fcn K\u00fcba merakl\u0131 turistlerin ziyaret ettikleri bir \u201cm\u00fcze devlet\u201de d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Sosyalist miras\u0131n siyasal ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel izlerinin herkesin g\u00f6rebilece\u011fi bir a\u00e7\u0131k hava m\u00fczesi\u2026<\/p>\n

\u201cK\u00fcba\u2019daki sosyalist ya\u015fam bi\u00e7imini nas\u0131l alg\u0131l\u0131yorsunuz, devlet-birey ili\u015fkilerini nas\u0131l yorumlayabilirsiniz\u201d sorusunu sordu\u011fum zaman, benim K\u00fcbal\u0131 meslekta\u015f\u0131m \u015fu yan\u0131t\u0131 vermi\u015ftir:<\/p>\n

\u201cK\u00fcba\u2019da \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6r giri\u015fimcili\u011fi pek yayg\u0131n olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan dolay\u0131, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc devlet kurumlar\u0131ndad\u0131rlar. Bu kurumlardaki i\u015f\u00e7i ve memurlar \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorlarm\u0131\u015f gibi bir izlenim b\u0131rakmaktad\u0131rlar fakat asl\u0131nda hi\u00e7bir performans sergilemeyip devleti zarara u\u011frat\u0131yorlar. Devlet de bu tembel i\u015f\u00e7i ve memurlar\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bildi\u011fi halde onlara ayl\u0131k olarak g\u00f6stermelik 20-30 dolarl\u0131k d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck bir maa\u015f vermektedir. Sonu\u00e7ta i\u015f\u00e7i ve memurlar \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorlarm\u0131\u015f gibi; devlet de ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131yormu\u015f gibi bir g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm sergileseler de her ikisi de birbirlerini aldatt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n, kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 kand\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok iyi fark\u0131ndad\u0131rlar. Sistemdeki t\u0131kanman\u0131n sebebi, ekonomik \u00e7\u0131kmazlar\u0131n sebebi, sosyalizmin \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn nedeni, ulusal yoksullu\u011fun sebebi bu kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 aldatmacalar, kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck yalanlard\u0131r asl\u0131nda. Vatanda\u015f sorumlulu\u011funun olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir toplumda, rekabet ve \u00f6zel te\u015febb\u00fcslerin, \u00e7ok partili sistemin ve muhalefetin olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir toplumla, \u00fcretip \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak istemeyen, devlete bir \u015fey vermeden sadece devletten almak isteyen bir toplumla devrim de yap\u0131lmaz, sosyalizm de ba\u015far\u0131ya ula\u015fmaz. \u00d6nce insan\u0131m\u0131z\u0131, i\u015f\u00e7i ve memurlar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131, kad\u0131n ve erkeklerimizin zihniyetini, alg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131, tutum ve davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131, halk\u0131na ve vatan\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 sorumluluklar\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirmemiz gerekir. T\u00fcm bunlar de\u011fi\u015fmedik\u00e7e K\u00fcba kolay kolay de\u011fi\u015fmez\u2026\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

Kaliteli rom, palmiye a\u011fac\u0131, salsa, beyaz kumsallar ve elde sar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f purolar K\u00fcba\u2019n\u0131n adeta ulusal sembolleri olmu\u015flard\u0131r. Bu k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00fclke XX. y\u00fczy\u0131l siyasetinde derin izler b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015f ve k\u00fcresel jeopolitik sahnede b\u00fcy\u00fck de\u011fi\u015fimlere neden olmu\u015ftur. K\u00fcba, s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc sistemine ba\u015fkald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n sembol\u00fc olmu\u015ftur; K\u00fcba, diktat\u00f6rl\u00fcklere ve emperyalizme kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k sava\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015fayan efsanesi olmu\u015ftur; K\u00fcba, Jose Martin, Che Guevara ve Fidel Kastro gibi devrim liderlerinin vatan\u0131 olmu\u015ftur; K\u00fcba, \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc D\u00fcnya \u00fclkeleri i\u00e7in siyasal ve toplumsal model olmu\u015ftur; K\u00fcba, yoksul \u00fclkelerin g\u0131ptayla bakt\u0131klar\u0131 ve sa\u011fl\u0131k, spor, k\u00fclt\u00fcr, bilim ve e\u011fitim alan\u0131nda \u00f6rnek ald\u0131klar\u0131 bir \u00fclke olmu\u015ftur; K\u00fcba, ekonomik ambargolara ve emperyalist bask\u0131lara ra\u011fmen k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir \u00fclkenin d\u00fcnyaya meydan okuyabilece\u011finin \u00f6rne\u011fi olmu\u015ftur; K\u00fcba, k\u00fcreselle\u015fen d\u00fcnyada s\u00f6zde sosyalizmin son kalesi olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

\u00d6zetle, K\u00fcba\u2019n\u0131n sosyalist yolu Polonya, Bulgaristan, Macaristan ve Romanya gibi eski s\u00f6zde sosyalist \u00fclkelerden \u00e7ok da farkl\u0131 de\u011fildir. T\u00fcm d\u00fcnyada varl\u0131k g\u00f6steren s\u00f6zde sosyalist \u00fclkelerde oldu\u011fu gibi K\u00fcba\u2019da da kitaplardaki sosyalizm ile ger\u00e7ek hayattaki sosyalizm aras\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir tezat ve uyumsuzluk g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Halklar\u0131n diktat\u00f6rl\u00fckleri, i\u015f\u00e7i ve memurlar\u0131n diktat\u00f6rl\u00fckleri de\u011fil ki\u015filerin, parti sekreterlerinin, siyas\u00ee liderlerin diktat\u00f6rl\u00fckleri egemen oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in hem K\u00fcba hem de di\u011fer s\u00f6zde sosyalist \u00fclkeler ger\u00e7ek sosyalizmi g\u00f6remediler ve ya\u015fayamad\u0131lar. Bug\u00fcn sosyalist sistem olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan K\u00fcba\u2019daki sistem; s\u00f6zde sosyalizmin t\u0131kan\u0131\u015f\u0131, aldatmacalar\u0131n, yalanlar\u0131n, kli\u015fele\u015fmi\u015f sloganlar\u0131n ve pompalanan ama ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilemeyen vaatlerin \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcd\u00fcr. \u0130laveten temiz ideallerle y\u00fcr\u00fcnmeye ba\u015flanan ayd\u0131nl\u0131k bir yolun sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclemeyi\u015finden dolay\u0131 teslimiyet bayra\u011f\u0131n\u0131n kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu nedenle bug\u00fcn -derin ekonomik ve politik de\u011fi\u015fimler ya\u015fanmadan- bavulunu toplay\u0131p K\u00fcba\u2019ya u\u00e7acak olan merakl\u0131 turistler g\u00fczel bir \u00fclkede g\u00fczel olmayan manzaralarla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015facaklar ve bu s\u00f6zde sosyalist sistemde insanlar\u0131n neden mutlu olamad\u0131klar\u0131 sorusuna yan\u0131t arayacaklar. Eminim \u00f6l\u00fcm d\u00f6\u015fe\u011findeki Fidel Kastro\u2019nun da \u201cnerede hata yapt\u0131k ve neden ba\u015faramad\u0131k\u201d sorular\u0131na yan\u0131t bulamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in uykular\u0131 ka\u00e7maktad\u0131r. Ama yine de ger\u00e7ek ile yapmac\u0131k, do\u011fal ile sahte aras\u0131ndaki fark\u0131 hissedebilmek, s\u00f6zde sosyalist sistemin \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6rebilmek ad\u0131na da olsa K\u00fcba ziyaret edilmesi gereken s\u00fcrprizlerle dolu ayr\u0131cal\u0131kl\u0131 bir \u00fclkedir.<\/p>\n

D\u00fcnyan\u0131n en g\u00fczel kokteylleri olan Mojito, Daiquri, Cuba Libre ve Pina Colada\u2019n\u0131n anavatan\u0131 olan K\u00fcba, baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 b\u00e2kir koylar\u0131, s\u0131ms\u0131cak denizi ve upuzun plajlar\u0131yla; baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 zengin tarihsel-k\u00fclt\u00fcrel miras\u0131yla ve do\u011fal g\u00fczellikleriyle; baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 Cohiba, Romeo y Julieta ve Montecristo purolar\u0131yla; baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 salsa, son, rumba, timba ve caz ritimleriyle; baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 ise sosyalist ya\u015fam ruhuyla ve devrim an\u0131tlar\u0131yla cezbetmektedir. Asl\u0131nda K\u00fcba k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc; \u0130spanyol, Amerikan ve Afrika k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerinin harmanland\u0131\u011f\u0131 renkli bir kokteyl olarak tan\u0131mlanabilir. Kendine has olan ve d\u00fcnyan\u0131n hi\u00e7bir yerinde bulunmayan bu ulusal k\u00fclt\u00fcrel yap\u0131 ABD bask\u0131lar\u0131na ve k\u00fcreselle\u015fme dalgalar\u0131na ne kadar dayanacakt\u0131r bilinmez. D\u0131\u015f d\u00fcnyaya kap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7an ve di\u011fer \u00fclkelerle etkile\u015fimlerini yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 beklenen K\u00fcba\u2019da \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki d\u00f6nem; umut, beklenti ve belirsizliklerle doludur. ABD ve Avrupa Birli\u011fi ile \u0131s\u0131nan siyas\u00ee ili\u015fkiler K\u00fcba vatanda\u015flar\u0131nda umut ve beklentileri daha da artt\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. Soru i\u015faretleri ile dolu bu ge\u00e7i\u015f d\u00f6neminin ne kadar sars\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve hangi bedellerle sonu\u00e7laca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ise \u201czaman\u201d denilen sihirli kavram d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kimse bilemez.<\/p>\n

[1]<\/a> ABD, Kanada, Barbados, Arjantin, Bahamalar ve Uruguay; Amerika k\u0131tas\u0131nda yer alan ve K\u00fcba\u2019dan daha y\u00fcksek \u0130nsan\u00ee Geli\u015fim Endeksi de\u011ferlerine sahip \u00fclkelerdir. Bkz.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Yol Ayr\u0131m\u0131ndaki \u00dclke: K\u00fcba Emin ATASOY Meksika K\u00f6rfezi ve Karayip Denizi aras\u0131nda uzanan tak\u0131madalar \u201cB\u00fcy\u00fck Antiller\u201d ve \u201cK\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Antiller\u201d olarak ikiye ayr\u0131l\u0131rlar ve bu tak\u0131madalar i\u00e7inde hem n\u00fcfus bak\u0131m\u0131ndan en kalabal\u0131\u011f\u0131 hem de y\u00fcz\u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fc bak\u0131m\u0131ndan en b\u00fcy\u00fc\u011f\u00fc K\u00fcba adas\u0131d\u0131r. Y\u00fcz\u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fc Yunanistan\u2019a yak\u0131n olan K\u00fcba Cumhuriyeti 114 530 km\u00b2 ve n\u00fcfusu ise 11,5 milyon civar\u0131ndad\u0131r. 1230 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":5923,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[80,93],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/eminatasoy.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6598"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/eminatasoy.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/eminatasoy.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/eminatasoy.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/eminatasoy.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=6598"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"http:\/\/eminatasoy.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6598\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6599,"href":"http:\/\/eminatasoy.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6598\/revisions\/6599"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/eminatasoy.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/5923"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/eminatasoy.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=6598"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/eminatasoy.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=6598"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/eminatasoy.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=6598"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}